2016年9月30日金曜日

30 What is the Universe?+The History of Cosmology

30 What is the Universe?+The History of CosmologyWhat is the Universe?】Dialogue with the Universe

Q:Why does the universe exist in spite of trouble
Q:Can a unified theory of the universe explain the universe accurately
Q:Or we need the Creator
Q:If so, the Creator gives the effect of something else in the universe
Q:And who created the Creator

Source: "Brief History of Time" Stephen William Hawking (issued April 15, 1995)

The history of cosmology
1895  William James(1842-1910) coined the term Multi-Universe(Multiverse).
1900   Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck(1858 -1947) advocated that the light, X-rays and other electromagnetic waves were released as a constant mass that he called quantum.
1905  Special relativity[1]・・・Theory of electromagnetism that Albert Einstein1879-1955 announced.
1913   Bohr's model(Niels Henrik David Bohr(1885-1962))・・・A pioneer of quantum mechanics (Old quantum theory).
Electron is a wave.
The length of the electrons orbit around the nucleus is an integer multiple of the electron wavelength (10 minus 10 square m).
(Bohr,  de Broglie)
1915-1916   General theory of relativityGeneral relativity(Einstein) [1] [Electromagnetic force + gravity]
Einstein explained that the gravity caused by the mass distort the space-time.
When written in Newtonian mechanics[2] the phenomenon of error increases (movement in the near to the speed of light or large gravitational field) can be correctly described.
· In general relativity, spacetime is expected never to stay inflated or deflated steady or the black hole[3] is expected to forme when a large mass to concentrate on limited space.
Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves[4] in 1916 in his general theory of relativity. 
1920s  Quantum mechanics
Atomic, electronic and electromagnetic waves have the characteristics of the particles and waves.
1922 Friedman found the expanding universe solutions in general relativity equations.
1925  Pauli exclusion principle
1926  Werner Heisenberg was put together the uncertainty principle[5].
Uncertainty principleIt is a characteristic of the system, such as the wave. In knowing pair of physical properties (eg position and momentum) at the same time, there is a fundamental limit of accuracy.
1928 Dirac theory
 ・Either both consistenttheory of quantum mechanics and special relativity
There is positron(antimatter) that is the partner of electron.
1929  Discovery of cosmic expansion(the redshift)Edwin Powell Hubble
1932   Discovery of positron(antimatter)
1934  Fritz Zwicky coined the term dark matter. [6]
1948 -Big Bang model [7]
   -Quantum electrodynamics, QED [Electromagnetic force ]
· Electromagnetic interaction acting between charged particles, including electrons is caused by the transfer of particles called photons.
1957 Bryce Seligman DeWitt (1923–2004)  coined the term many-worlds interpretation; MWI.
1964
Peter Ware Higgs proposed the theory of generation of mass. [8]
Cosmic microwave background (radiation); CMBCMBR[7]discovered.
1968     Weinberg-Salam theory[9] [Electromagnetic force + Weak interaction]
1970  Penrose and Hawkins co-authored paper
On the basis of the general relativity theory, they were finally prove that should there was a big bang singularity in the very early universe.
In the singularity, the effect of small scale of quantum mechanics dealing can not be ignored.
· However, if you take into account the quantum effect, singularities disappear. ...?
1970s
Only one force was present in the beginning of the universe, then, the force was divided into electromagnetic force, weak interaction, strong interaction and gravity, so physicists  are trying to  expresse these four forces in one form.
 -Standard Model, SM [Electromagnetic force + Weak interaction+ Strong interaction] [9]
Grand unification theory or Grand unified theoryGUT[Electromagnetic force + Weak interaction+ Strong interaction] [10]
The late 1970s  Quantum chromodynamics [9]
1980s  Cosmology based on theory of elementary particles[10]
1981  Cosmic inflation Theory [11]
1984  Superstring Theory [12] [Electromagnetic force + Weak interactionStrong interaction Gravity]
1986~  Loop Quantum Gravity [13]
1995   M-theory[14] [Electromagnetic force + Weak interactionStrong interaction Gravity] 
1998  -Michael S. Turner coined the term dark energy. [6]
    Observed the accelerated expansion of the universeBrian P. Schmidt
2016   Studio Gooda coined structure of dark matter. [7]

References
1. No. 16 Theory of Relativity
2. No. 15 Newtonian Mechanics
3. No. 81 Black Hole
4. No.29 Gravitational Wave
5. No.18 Uncertainty principle
6. No.11 Dark Matter and Dark Energy
7. No.20 The Big Bang model
8. No. 24 Higgs Boson
9. No.21 Standard theory(Standard model)
10. No.23 Cosmology based on theory of elementary particles
11. No.23-2 Inflation cosmology
12. No.25 Superstring Theory
13. No.26 Loop Quantum Gravity
14. No.27 M-theory

15. No.88-4-2 A Structure of Dark Matter

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